Analysis Of The Malaysian Communists

Analysis Of The Malaysian Communists The emergency was introduced to Malaya as a mean to eradicate communism. Without communism, the emergency era will not come about. This shows that communism played an important role during this era. Communism was first introduced by Karl Marx in the mid-19th century in his book The Communist Manifesto, Das Capital and The German Ideology. Communism is against feudalism and imperialism and it is determined to change this administrative system to communism trough violence and war. According to Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008, communism is a socio-political movement that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of consumption, and the end of wage labour and private property in the means of production and real estate. Communism is followed by several countries that time, for example China and Russia. 2In July 1919, Communist International (Comintern) instructed its party to spread communism to the whole world. In Malaya, communism is spread through Kuomintang (National Peoples Party, established by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in 1912) and Nanyang Communist Party. As both the party is from China, it is easier to spread communism among the Chinese. Communism was spread through labour union, political parties, night classes and through publications. Communism was spread among the Malays by Indonesia Communist Party throughout 1924 till1930 but the attempts failed as communism was against Islamic beliefs and their culture. This ideology does not acknowledge the presence of God but in Islam, the God is considered as the highest power of the whole universe. Besides, this ideology uses violence to get their way while in Islamic studies, violence is strictly prohibited except when forced to and to claim ones right. Communism is also not accepted by the Indians. One of the main reasons i s that MCP consists mainly of Chinese which raise the suspicion of the other two races. They were therefore more ready to help the British in bringing down MCP. Karl Marx Father of Communism 3 MALAYA COMMUNIST PARTY In 1930, the Malaya Communist Party (MCP) was established with the objective of forming Republic of Communist Malaya. MCP had recruited a lot of cadres (new members of a political party trained to become loyal followers) and even seeped into most of the labour union. MCP also tried to spread communism to Sarawak but in vain as the people there does not have enough knowledge for politics. In the year 1935, MCPs attempts became more violent. More and more strikes and labour unrest occurred with the greatest strike occurring in a charcoal mine in Batu Arang, Selangor where as much as 6000 workers participated in the strike to take over the mine. As a result, the British sent 300 police to end the strike. Most of the leaders involved in the strike were sent back to China and following that incident, MCPs leader was arrested. When Japan attacked Malaya, MCP offered help to the British to fight off Japan. MCPs members were trained in Sekolah Latihan Khas 101 in Singapore on guerilla war tactics. This school then became the guerilla team headquarters in fighting the Japanese army in Malaya. MCP then formed the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) and the British supplied them with firearms through another force named Force 136, also one of the anti-Japanese army but mainly consists of Malay members. 4When the war is over, a political vacuum occurred in Malaya.MCP took this opportunity to rule Malaya through its army, MPAJA for 14 days. The MPAJA troops are known as the Three Stars, symbolizing the three main races in Malaya-Malay, Chinese and Indian. MCP ruled Malaya inhumanely, torturing and killing anyone who had cooperated with the Japanese before this. They also imposed high taxes on the citizens making them suffer from poverty. Other than that, villages were burnt at night with its people still inside their houses and mosques were destroyed. Their actions angered the Malays and as most of the members of MPAJA were Chinese, racial tensions occurred. The villagers stood against MCP causing chaos over the whole Malaya. This issue was resolved when British came back to rule Malaya again through the British Military Administration (BMA) in September 1945 as the British thinks that military administrative system was required to restore peace to the country. BMA wanted MPAJA to be disbanded and the firearms to be returned to them. MCP agreed to close down MPAJA but they did not surrender all of the firearms. Instead, they kept part of it for themselves just in case they will have to use it again in the future although the British government paid each of them who returned the firearms $350 and a bag of rice, hoping that this would encourage the MCPs members in returning the firearms. MCP, which had already seeped into the labour union started to be active in political movements. 5MCP openly joined the political process, branching out and concentrating on labour activities. The MCPs legal activities started by becoming a member of the Governors Advisory Council in Singapore in 1945 and were involved in groups like the Malayan Democratic Union and the Malayan Nationalist Party. Their plan was to cause serious disruption and chaos to the economy through strikes and labor agitation and ride the tide of discontent to power. Communist had fertile ground through Chinese schools for recruitment and agitation. Due to the abandonment of BMA, many young Chinese were convinced that the Malay leadership planned to relegate Chinese to permanent second class status. Their future seemed bleak and the communist offered hope. When the Japanese left Malaya, economy was disrupted. Malayan people faced many challenges including low wages, unemployment, scarce and expensive food. Due to the revenue from Malayas rubber and tin industry that was important to the Britishs own recovery, BMA was attempting to repair Malayas economy quickly while there was a large number of strikes and a considerable labour unrest during 1946 through 1948. Harsh measurements such as arrest and deportation were used in dealing with protestors causing them to be increasingly militant. A temporary rubber price drop in the world at 1947 caused employers to seek government action to restrict union operations as the Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU) directly controlled 80-90 percent of the unions in Malaya. Increasing violence especially against European planters convinced the government to strengthen the already stringent law of 1940 to govern the trade union activities. New measures were introduced which requires registration of all unions and condition for registration, certain terms on the eligibility of union officials to hold office were imposed. Situation for workers generally improved however, diminishing influence of the PMFTU and hence the MCP in the labour unions of Singapore and Malaya. 6The MCP was also experiencing serious difficulties within its own organization. The Secretary-General Lai Tek disappeared in March 1947 and later MCP revealed that he had been a double agent. This was a strengthening faction which had consistently argued for an armed struggle. It was decided at the Fourth Plenary Session to prepare for this struggle by moving all party activities underground. Trade unions were encouraged to not only improve welfare of workers but also to lead them to the road of violent action. The authorities were alerted to the change of direction on MCPs policy after a spate of murders and attacks on the European estate managers. BMA did not last long and as soon as MPAJA is disbanded, the British came up with a new administrative system known as Malayan Union. However, the locals did not agree with the system as it threatens their status quo by having jus soli citizenship and due to other factors as well. On the contrary, MCP very much support this kind of administrative system as that will means citizenship for all of them. Furthermore, this system will also not be controlled by the rajas and the Malay officers. This is why, in 1948, when the British decided to change Malayan Union to Federation of Malaya, MCP stood against it. 7In February 1948, a few representatives of MCP attended the Asian Communists Youth Conference in Calcutta, India. The conference encouraged the communist parties to have an armed rebellion to achieve their objective, which is to overthrow the British government and establish the Communist Republic of Malaya. This caused the MCP, led by Chin Peng to form a guerilla unit known as Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) and as most of the firearms not returned are kept in the jungle, this guerilla unit was formed in the jungle itself. MCP started the rebellion by attacking the colonial resource extraction industries, which in Malaya were tin mines and rubber plantations owned by Europeans. (extracted from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) Besides that, they also attack the police station, set factories and buses on fire, damage railway tracks, one of the most important means of transportation essential in sending products from factories to the port, and kill people they think works with or cooperate with the British. . Their plan was to cripple the economy in Malaya, conquering big cities, and towns in the outskirts and finally driving the British out of the country. Damaged railway tracks 8 MPAJA cap-shown by the red star THE EMERGENCY ERA MEASURES TO COMBAT THE COMMUNIST THREAT The climax of the MCP violence was on 16 June 1948, when three European estate managers were killed. This incident appalled the British government and spurred them into action to eradicate the communists and their activities. Among the measures taken were the declaration of emergency, enlarging the security force, the Briggs Plan, military steps, psychological warfare ( the Templer Plan), and through the declaration of amnesty. DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY Following the death of the three European estate managers, the British High Commissioner, Sir Edward Gent declared Perak and Johor as emergency areas. A state of emergency was declared on the whole of Malaya a day later. This action is to protect the economic interest of British in Malaya. MCP was finally outlawed on 23 July 1948 followed by all of the leftist parties. 9Following the declaration of emergency, the British government reinforced the Emergency Law of 1948. The Emergency Law of 1948 enabled police and soldiers to arrest and detain communist suspects without a trial. It also allows the police force to ransack houses, move citizens to a new area or quarantine a certain location suspected to be involved in communism. Roadblocks and curfews in areas where communists activities were rife were also imposed. It was called an emergency, not a war so that it was possible for businessmen to claim insurance for damage to property from insurance companies, Lloyds insurers in this case. ENLARGING THE SECURITY FORCE The government also took action in increasing the number of soldiers and police in the country. The police force was reorganized and enlarged until it reaches an amazing number of 70000 people. To increase its military troops, the British brought in soldiers from Commonwealth countries, especially from Australia, New Zealand, East Africa and Fiji to eradicate the communist threat in Malaya. In addition, the government also established the Home Guard troops in the village to assist the police and military force. Members of the troop are of both genders and the establishment of the Home Guard troop heightened the spirits of the locals to defend the country from communists. The willingness and courage of the Malays to fight the communists awed the British High Commissioner, Sir Henry Gurney. Besides that, as much as 24000 Special Constables were trained and sent to isolated estates and mines to prevent the attack of communists against them. The military force also bombed and ambushed areas that nested the communists with the help of the British Air Force. 10 BRIGGS PLAN Sir Harold Rowdon Briggs introduced the Briggs Plan to eradicate communist activities through a strategy that relocate the squatter areas from the edge of the forest to a new village and by launching starvation movement in 1950. He himself became the operation director of the plan. The relocation plan started on 1 June 1950 in Johor. Towards February 1952, more than 400,000 Chinese squatters were relocated to approximately 400 new villages. This plan was aimed at restricting the Chinese from supplying food, medicine and information to the communist guerrillas who were hiding in the jungle. This plan was effective in eradicating communist violence because it weakened Min Yuen activities and forced the communist out of the jungles. The new villages were fully equipped with basic amenities such as houses, schools, medical facilities, electric and water supply. The new village was also fenced with barbed wire and guarded by Special Constables to monitor the movements of the villagers. 11In the new village, each family head is given a food ration card to ensure that all of his family members obtained sufficient food supply. The in and out of the villagers within the new village was also supervised at all times. All these fall under the British plan, the Starvation Movement to ensure the communist will not get any food, weapons, information and medicinal supply from the villagers. This is what that weakens the Min Yuen activity which is formed by the communists to provide food and medicine to them. Most of the MinYuen members are mine and estate workers, either forced in or are involved voluntarily. With the help of road blocks, it will be impossible for the communists to get any supplies from the villagers. They were forced out of the jungle to get the supplies themselves and this made it easier for the British to demolish them. Other means to eradicate communism includes introducing a new registration system that is the same for the whole Malaya whereby citizens above 12 years of age are required to register themselves to the government to be given an identification card to be differentiated from the communists. Briggs also supports the formation of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) in 1949 that helps Chinese squatters lead their lives in the new village. MCA has conducted fund raising through the sale of lottery tickets. The lottery proceeds were then donated to the Chinese settlers in the new village to help them lead a more easy life. The Briggs Plan was a success in crippling the MCP networks. MCP started to feel the pressure on them and the downfall of villagers towards them that in their Central Committee Meeting in Pahang, they decided to reduce violence against civilians and to retreat to southern Thailand. MILITARY STEPS Sir Gerald Templer was appointed the High Commissioner of Malaya in 1952 to replace Sir Henry Gurney, who was shot dead by communists, on 6 October 1951, while on his way to Fraserss Hill. 12 As a military general, he used firm military force to fight the communists. His military tactics included the use of 13 battalions of English soldiers, Gurkhas and Malays training 67 000 special Malay soldiers and forming home guards system with 210 000 of them in 1953 and recruiting assistance from the Commonwealth military, such as from Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia. The strength of the military team enabled the government to launch more aggressive attacks on the communists and ensured that food was not smuggled out for the guerrilla communists. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE Sir Gerald Templer also launched psychological warfare upon the communist terrorists by the campaign winning the hearts and minds of the people as he realized that the use of force and weapons alone will not be enough to eliminate the influence of communists. Campaigns like Malayans Against Communism Month were held successfully in which the villagers of all three races held banners condemning violence of communism. They also burnt dolls of communists to show their hate towards them. Pamphlets opposing the communists were also distributed throughout Malaya. The psychological warfare implemented by the government starts to grow hate towards the cruelty of communists in the villagers that they volunteered themselves in joining security forces and in the police force to defend their land. 13Besides that, Templer also introduced the system of white and black areas. The white area is an area that is announced free from communist activities, while the opposite is the case for a black area in which Templer introduced curfews as the communist activities were still active and the soldiers were hunting for the communists. By 1954, Templer had announced Malacca, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis and Negeri Sembilan as white areas. To draw support from the Chinese in supporting this psychological warfare, Templer made it easier for the non-Malays to obtain citizenship that allows 1.2 million Chinese and 1.8 million Indians became the citizens of Malaya. The leniency of state requirements showed the sacrifice of the Malays in creating unity and welfare of all citizens. In the psychological warfare campaign, Templer also increased the value of the prizes offered to citizens who manage to capture or give out information regarding the communists guerillas. Whoever manages to catch Chin Peng, whether dead or alive will be rewarded with $250, 000 while those who capture or kill his assistants will be rewarded with $200, 000. Templer had successfully made Chin Peng the public enemy in this way. The Malay Sultans and officers also played an important role in this warfare by telling their people that those who helped the communists will be considered as a national traitor. The Malays were also reminded of the cruelty of the communists during the takeover of the country by the Three Stars army after the surrender of Japan. The Malays were urged to help the government eradicate communism in the country. The government also made efforts in producing hate towards communists in the citizens by calling them terrorists. 14The government then reinforces the food ration rule which force the communists who cannot obtain food to plant their own food. However, the government failed their plan by spraying poison all over the crop area, leaving them to starve until they surrender. At the same time, pamphlets calling the communist terrorists to give up their fight were also given out with the help of the Air Force. Templers psychological warfare can be said to be one of the factors for the success of the government of the Federation of Malaya in ending the communist revolution. This encouraged the people of Malaya to work together with the government to eliminate the communist terrorists. DECLARATION OF AMNESTY The government offered amnesty to encourage communists to surrender themselves to the government. About 40 000 pamphlets and 12 000 amnesty pass were given out in Chinese, Malay and Tamil. The Malaya Radio will also broadcast the conditions of the amnesty offer daily. Posters were put up everywhere and advertisements and movies are used to help citizens encourage communism terrorists to surrender. 15= Communists who surrendered. THE MEETING IN BALING In the federal legislative council election in 1955, the Alliance Party had come up with a manifesto which promised immediate independence and ending the emergency. Tunku Abdul Rahman also promised that if given credential, he will negotiate with the communists. Chin Peng then wrote a letter to him confirming the negotiation and the negotiation was held in an English school in Baling, Kedah on the 28 and 29 of December 1955.Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall and Tun Tan Cheng Lock represented the government while Chin Peng, Chien Tien and Rashid Maidin represented MCP. In the meeting, Tunku Abdul Rahman requested Chin Peng to disband MCP, lay down their weapons and to surrender themselves. Chin Peng agreed to surrender and to lay down their weapons with the condition that MCP is to be recognized as a valid political party by the government. As Tunku Abdul Rahman realized that communism is not suitable for our multi-racial society, he turned down the offer and the meeting was considered a failure. As a result, the conflict between the government and the communists increased causing other Commonwealth countries to send troops to Malaya to aid British in ending communism. 16 Although the negotiation failed, Tunku Abdul Rahman stated that he is ready to negotiate with the communists again under the condition that it is the communists desire to meet him and that they are prepared to surrender themselves. Although many attempts were made by the communists to resume peace talks with the government, they will not surrender and therefore was not entertained. On 31 August 1957, Malaya gained independence when the emergency law was not over yet. With the independence of Malaya, MCP lost its influence in the people. The last serious resistance from MRLA guerrillas ended with a surrender in the Telok Anson marsh area in 1958. The remaining MRLA forces fled to the Thai border and further east. (Extracted from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) The Malayan government declared that the emergency was over on 31 July 1960. Chin Peng moved to Beijing where the Chinese authorities placed him in the International Liaison Bureau, where many other Southeast Asian Communists Party leaders were accommodated. 17 THE EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY IN MALAYA The British government declared a State of Emergency throughout Malaya on the 18th of June 1948. This state of emergency ended officially on the July 31st 1960 and its effects were seen politically, economically and socially. POLITICAL ASPECT The British granted citizenship to the non-Bumiputeras particularly the Chinese who made the bulk of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Chinese citizenships were bestowed to over half of the Chinese population in Malaya and they were able to enter the Malayan Civil Service for the first time. Since the government had stressed the need for a united Malayan nation, the creation of communal parties had been viewed. Communal parties such as United Malays National Organization (UMNO) and the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) successfully contested in the Kuala Lumpur municipal elections of February 1952. Subsequently the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) comprising of the Indian community formed a coalition with UMNO and MCA into the Alliance Party in 1954. This was cited as a positive step towards the creation of a united Malayan nation. The victory of this unity was demonstrated in the federal elections of July 1955 where the Alliance won 51 of the 52 contested seats. As a result of this vi ctory, the Alliance partys views were given prominence by the Reid Commission, formed in 1955 to prepare a constitution for an independent Malaya. 18The Emergency Law implemented by the British was also seen as a way to curb the left-winged radical parties. As a result of this rule, it gave rise of what we have today that is the Malaysian race which means a single nationality in which all persons qualify as citizens of this country. This is so either by birth or by fulfilling requirements of residence, language and oath of loyalty. This further induced the Chinese and the Indians in particular to cooperate with the government so as to have a win-win situation. ECONOMICAL ASPECT The economy took a downturn. The countrys wealth was spent to suppress the communists activities in Malaya. The government spent about 250,000 to 300,000 a day during the Emergency Rule. This was with regards to upkeep the peace and safety of the people during that time. The money used was to further enhance and expand the police force as well as the home guard. On the contrary, the development of the rural areas was neglected. The governments focus was on the New Village, hence failing to raise the living standards of the people of Malaya. 19The state of emergency which was declared to deal with the danger revealed some of the serious ethnic divisions existing within the community. This happened during the struggle of the British government trying to attain economic goal in the export earnings coming from rubber and tin industry. The Chinese were initially recruited for work in the tin mining industry; the Indians were assigned the task of working on the rubber estates; and the Malays were directed towards providing food for the growing economic machine. These considerations allowed a few privileged members to rise above the economic functions allotted to their particular ethnic groups. By 1957, when the independent Federation of Malaya was announced, the communist threat had faded. But the communal threat remained a legacy of colonial rule which would determine the unity and the survival of a new nation. SOCIAL ASPECT The Emergency Rule saw the destruction of about 21,230 lives which included the general public, whereas 6133 dead were communists. This rule also jeopardized the lives of many. They lived in fear and poverty because of the communist threat. The farmers could not plough their lands due to the laws. Rationing of food forced people to depend on food like tapioca and yam, just like what happened when the Japanese ruled. A new body known as Communities Liaison Committee (CLC) was established to foster unity and close ties among the different races in Malaya. The government also introduced a new national education syllable which is Malaya oriented in hope that it will produce patriotic young generations. Besides that, the usage of the same national language was hoped to be able to produce understanding among the multi-racial society. 20 CONCLUSION From this emergency incident, we can see how important it is for the citizens to not only work with each other but also to cooperate with the government in achieving an aim. Without the support of its people, Malaya will never be able to get free from communism. Malaysians today should keep this in mind and be grateful to the sacrifice made by our ancestors in order to get us here today, in this peaceful society. 21

Creating a culture of Customer Care Essay

1. Good customer care is vital for the success of the centre as the businesses success revolves around the customers, without the customers there would be no business. The benefits for the business of good customer care are – * It gains a positive reputation (which means that people will spread through word of mouth that they received excellent customer service and will recommend the business to their friends and family) * Creates a client base ( Builds a relationship between the client and the business) * Repeat Business (Customers will be so pleased with the high quality of the service provided to them that they will return in the future and recommend the business to family and friends. The benefits to the staff are – * Incentives/bonuses ( for their hard work, commitment to the company and providing excellent customer service to customers) * Job security/ promotions/less pay offs and redundancies ( As the client base expands, the manager of the business may promote people due to their hard work or provide them with job security. The benefits for the customer are – * Satisfaction (The customer would be happy with the product or service provided by the business and feel like a valued customer, they would the return to the business and build a relationship with the business, therefore resulting in them feeling a certain loyalty to the business and purchasing from them often and recommending them to friends and family. * Aftercare ( If there are any problems with the product, the business can provide a solution such as an exchange, refund, advice and returns etc. 2. Internal customers are departments or co-workers within an organisation that may help or give information to other departments to help provide a product or service to an external customer. (E.g. human resources, funding, credit control, stakeholders, employees, shareholders) External customer is a person or business who is not directly linked to the business and is interested in the business and would like to purchase goods or services from the business. (E.g. joiner, builder, consumer, student) The connection between the internal customer and external customer is called the chain of service. The better you treat your internal customers, the better external service you will get. 3. The organisational structure and management best suited to supporting effective customer care is a shorter and flatter one as it allows an easy flow of communication (chain of command) there are less people to consult with and the chance of miscommunication if lower than in a tall structure. It will support effective customer care as the lower level employees can give direct feedback from the customers to management easily and complaints can be dealt with quickly and promptly, it will help the business improve and grow and the customers will gain satisfaction as there feedback will be heard. 4. Empowerment is giving the lower level employees the initiative and power to make decisions on their own without consulting a manager or higher ranking employee within boundaries. It gives the employee a sense of power and save the employees troubling superiors and pulling them from their important duties. It can increase profit within the business and give employees more responsibility. Empowerment helps achieve good customer service as it gives the employees the power to make decisions a high ranked employee would, it gives the employee confidence and authority. It prevents the customer standing around while the employee consults with a manager about a decision that’s to be made and it gives the customer faith in the employee as the employee doesn’t have to consult a manager. Total quality management is an approach that seeks improvement of quality and performance which will exceed or match the customers expectations. The flatter the organisational structure the more empower that employees will receive therefore giving them a higher level of responsibility and decision making, which relieves the managers of the tasks of making less important decisions. 5. The key factors that will contribute to excellent customer service within the visitor centre are – * Staff (staff that have the knowledge to assist and treat customers, have attended regular training courses, are friendly and willing to help) * Feedback forms ( for customers to complete so that the business can see how the improve their customer service so they can strive to do better) * Events/Fun days ( to encourage new clients/visitors) * Customer Aftercare (exchanges, returns and refunds) * Leaflets (alerting visitors of different events that will be taking places) * Following up telephone calls/ emails * Product knowledge * Advice on purchases The strategies that I would suggest for dealing with complaints would be – Let a trained member of staff knowledgeable(empathetic, compassionate and sympathetic) that deals with complaints to deal with the customer. * Log complaint * Apologize for the inconvenience * Propose a solution * Offer compensation Face to face * Let a trained member of staff knowledgeable(empathetic, compassionate and sympathetic) that deals with complaints to deal with the customer. * Take customer into a private room ( to provide them with privacy and confidentiality) * Log the complaint * Apologize for the inconvenience * Propose a solution * Offer compensation Customer Aftercare is the care that the customer receives after they make a purchase (good or service) with a company. Customer care includes returns, refunds, exchange and warranty. Customer Aftercare contributes to improving the levels of customer satisfaction because if the customer is unsatisfied about a product or service that has been provided to them, they can them receive a refund, exchange the goods or exchange it for another good. They will be satisfied with the aftercare they have received and return to the business in the future as they had a good experience. Customer aftercare is vital as it is a part of customer service; it’s the company’s way of showing commitment to their customer service. Examples of customer aftercare are follow up phone calls, text messages or online surveys, this is vital to the business as they can gather feedback on customer service, products, alert customers on upcoming events, sales, special offers and measure customer satisfaction. Customers then feel like their opinion matters and feel valued.

AP American History Essay Essay

The British North American colonies grew considerably between 1600 and 1763. Imports and exports across the Atlantic caused a constant demand for labor in the colonies. The British colonies supplied raw goods as well as some manufactured goods for countries around the world especially in Europe. As the demand for cash crops and raw materials from the Americas grew, the demand for labor also increased. Trans-Atlantic interactions fostered continuity in the demand for labor in the British North American colonies from 1600 to 1763 but also fostered changes in the sources of labor. The harsh conditions for indentured servitude remained during this period. Indentured servants were treated basically as slaves and many, when freed, were unable to make a decent living for themselves with the small amount of land they were given. The government and society still viewed former indentured servants as inferior to the middle class colonial citizens. Indentured servants were the main source of labor, especially in the north, until Bacon’s rebellion. Nathanial Bacon in Jamestown led Bacon’s rebellion; this rebellion was brought about against the rule of Governor William Berkley. The immediate cause was Berkley’s refusal to retaliate against a number of recent Native American attacks on the frontier settlements, most of which were inhabited by former indentured servants. The long-term cause was the inequality in society between former indentured servants, the lower class, and the middle class. After this rebellion, landowners began to prefer permanent African slaves to indentured servants who only worked unpaid for about seven years. African slaves soon proved a better source for labor because they did not rebel like the indentured servants, and they proved far more healthy and durable than Native Americans. The south especially began to rely on this source of labor because of their cash crops and their plantation society. Farming of cash crops such as tobacco, indigo, rice, and cotton provided for a continued demand in labor throughout the colonies. The south especially had a strong, constant, demand for laborers because their cash crop, rice, required a lot of time and expertise. The southern colonies also required more labor because of their vast amount of land compared to the northern colonies. Slaves from West Africa proved to be very valuable to plantation owners in the south as these slaves had knowledge in the growth and care of rice. As demand for these crops rose in Europe, so did the demand for labor both forced and voluntary. British colonists began to shift from farming varied cash crops to monoculture crops such as tobacco and cotton, which impacted labor systems. This  shift created a plantation labor system, particularly in the southern colonies. The plantation labor system relied heavily on African slaves rather than indentured servants. In the north, family farm labor characterized the majority of the labor during this time; consequently the north did not require as much demand for alternate labor. The South, however had a predominantly plantation based society with a strong demand for cheap labor. The families in the South did not grow fast enough to be able to sustain such large amounts of land on their own. When the American colonies broke from England this difference in dependency of slaves between the north and south proved to be an issue in the creation of the government. The Northwest Land Ordinance created by the Articles of Confederation prohibited any slavery from the old western territories. This began the slow removal of slavery that eventually led to the civil war. The trans-Atlantic slave trade rose during the period of 1600-1763. This allowed for employers to acquire African slaves much easier. New England would trade rum with the Africans for slaves, which they would then use to trade with the southern Americans for sugar, which was then returned to New England. European imperial systems correspondingly shifted from mercantilism to capitalism. The private owners in colonial America began to have more control over the trade and profit of the community rather than the state.  America also began to become much more self-sufficient even though they were still under England’s control. England’s policy of salutary neglect allowed for the colonies to expand and become more independent from the British and the other colonies. This independence and increased demand by other countries for goods from the American colonies caused an increase demand for labor. Trans-Atlantic trade and other interactions caused an increase demand for labor in the British North American colonies from 1600-1763 but also created a change in the sources of labor. The demand for changes in labor sources were due to Bacon’s rebellion, the shift from farming varied cash crops to monoculture crops such as cotton and tobacco, the shift from mercantilism to capitalism in Europe, and the formation of a plantation system predominantly in the South. Slave labor in the south helped direct the nation to the Civil War. The Developments between 1600 and 1763 led to little slave labor in the North and slave dependency in the South. This labor development aided in sectional division and political issues that led to the Civil War.

Racism And Ethnic Discrimination A Public Health...

Introduction Health inequities are defined as â€Å"differences which are unnecessary and avoidable, but in addition are considered unfair and unjust† (Whitehead 1992, p.431). Numerous studies provide evidence of deep seated and continued health inequities between Maori and non-Maori in Aoteroa/ New Zealand (McCreanor 2008). The role of social, political, environmental and economic factors have in determining health outcomes for individuals and social groups is increasingly being recognised globally. These factors include determinants such as housing, education, employment status, income, deprivation and racism (Robson Harris 2007). There is increasing body of evidence that show that racism and ethnic discrimination negatively impact the health and well-being of individuals and ethnic groups (Gee 2002). Based on these findings, many researchers have proposed that programmes targeted at reducing racism are a public health measures that could mitigate health inequities (McKenzie 2003). Mass media is extremely powerful institution that massively influences all areas of social interactions (Rosenberg 2002, cited in McCreanor 2008). It shapes the ideological patterns and what is regarded as norm, ‘commonsense’ by its audience (McCreanor 1993). In Aoteroa New Zealand, racism in the media and the negative representations of Maori raises great concern, as it affects Maori/Pakeha relations, Maori self perception, and ultimately undermines Maori health and wellbeing (Barnes et al 2012).Show MoreRelatedEssay about Affirmative Action3693 Words   |  15 PagesAffirmative Action Affirmative action is a blanket term that refers to â€Å"the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, sex or national origin,† (Sykes). Before the Civil Rights Acts of 1965 and the 1954 Scott v. Topeka decision, there were â€Å"unwritten laws and protection for white men† against competition from women and ethnic minorities in prestigious professions, creating blatant inequality (Alsbrook). AffirmativeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Persuasive Essay On Racial Profiling - 1414 Words

Racial Profiling Due to a Lack of Communication Imagine walking down the street one day with your friends, minding your own business when a police car pulls up next to you. As the car comes to a stop, a police officer rushes out with a gun in hand pointed at you. You are thrown to the ground, pinned under the officer, questioning what you did wrong. As you look around for help you realize that you have become the next victim of racial profiling. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnic background to suspect someone of committing an offence. This problem has been going on for centuries and not only needs to be recognized, but also needs to be solved. Racial profiling in the United States must be addressed through an examination†¦show more content†¦In 1996, the television show ABC hired three black males to drive around in an expensive car to see if racial profiling is an issue in the United States. The three men were not only pulled over for a small traffic error, but were searched by the police without committin g an offense. This proved that they were only stopped because of their race. The colour of someones skin shouldn’t define how you are treated. Racial profiling is like the lava in a volcano, it is dangerous and destroys. When you are targeted based on your ethnicity you start to bubble with anger, but one day you will not be able to take it anymore, and will explode. Thousands of individuals are furious with this discrimination and have joined the Black Lives Matter movement. This movement is about meeting the demands of individuals who want equal rights and to be treated the same. Jamil Jivani a speaker on the TED talk who has been a victim of racial profiling before, explained how he was searched by police because of his race. Jivani chose to communicate to the officers about how he felt, and the officers gained a better understanding and insight of what they were doing. Communication between those discriminated against and the discriminator is key, as without it more human rights will continue to be broken, and the act of discrimination will persist. Racial profiling is a destructive ineffective law enforcement technique used by policeShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling806 Words   |  4 PagesRacial profiling is a problem that continues to happen to this day. This situation is something which happens to everyone especially minorities. Minorities are more likely to be pulled over by police officers rather than white people just because of the color of their skin, which is really unfair because their time is being wasted getting pulled over when they could be doing something else. Racial profiling has been happening forever, which has caused many people to be stopped and strictly checkedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling903 Words   |  4 Pagespolice. Racial profiling refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individuals race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. This is similar to criminal or offender profi ling, the analysis of a persons psychological and behavioural characteristics, so as to assess whether they are likely to have committed a crime under investigation. Both seem to be similar, but make no mistake that racial profiling is illegalRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling1488 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling existed back in the 18th century when black slaves were abused and oppressed by white men even those who didn’t own slaves. Throughout history, racial profiling still continues to be a controversial issue today. It’s practiced everyday. Racial profiling means using an individual’s race or ethnicity against them of committing a crime. This means oppressing other races to feel inferior and accusing others to a certain stereotype. Racial profiling is when a black person in ripped jeansRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling1486 Words   |  6 Pages Racial Profiling is an act of automatically defining or identifying someone based on their ethnicity. This act was most recognized during the late 1800’s in the U.S. under the Jim Crow law. It was passed in order to segregate whites and the colored in America. It fundamentally made whites superior to all. Though, in 1964 the Civil Rights Act passed stating that anybody of any ethnicity or religion are to be equal and united. However, today this law has never been truly accepted when seeing the statisticsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Assata Shakur 1316 Words   |  6 Pageshypocritical and devious people for blaming black people small crimes while they’ve committed atrocities. Assata’s persuasive use of antithesis shines light on the outrageous and unethical motives of the white man because their bias contradicts their values. She appeals to African Americans to convince them to work together because she believes that they are possible solutions that can resolve racial inequalities. She acknowledges that, â€Å"Every revolution in history has been accomplished by actions, althoughRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria868 Words   |  4 Pagessociety. â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† is a short essay in which the award winning poet and professor of English, Judith Ortiz Cofer, wishes to inform and persuade the audience that labels and stereotypes can be humiliating and hurtful. The author targets the general public, anyone that doesn’t understand that putting someone in a box because of a stereotype is wrong. Cofer starts out the essay by telling the reader a story with a drunk man who re-enacted â€Å"Maria† from theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Squint and the Wail Rhetorical Analysis â€Å"The Squint and the Wail† is an essay by Michael Hsu. Hsu, a Taiwanese American author and editor, wrote this essay in order to express his views on the negative connotations that occur with some of the racially charged objects present in society. More specifically, the essay deals with the stereotypical nature of The Chin Family. The Chin Family is the name of Stefano Giovannoni’s tabletop collection, which includes salt and pepper shakers that haveRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement2959 Words   |  12 Pageswithout slavery, the Civil Rights Movement, and other racially motivated movements. Race (and racism, unfortunately) is what makes America, America. For this essay, I will be exploring the question: Is there still a racial issue in America, predominantly, against blacks? Also, I will be exploring if stereotypes are related to racial profiling, if the media affects racism, and if racism is still present in the 21st century, in particul arly, since President Barack Obama got elected as the United StatesRead MoreThe New Threat : Racism Without Racists2278 Words   |  10 PagesIt has been many decades since the end of enslaving African-Americans in the United States of America and the laws – since then – have tried to impede discrimination of all kinds especially racial profiling. The debate of racism has never stopped even in January 20th, 2009 when the American nation elected its forty-fourth president of the United States who was the first African-American president in the entire American History. â€Å"Racism is over,† many people became very excited and delighted, â€Å"AmericaRead MorePolice Discretion Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay a discussion will be explored about the benefits and problems associated with police use of discretion. Which current policing strategies have the most potential for controlling officer discretion and providing accountability, and which have th e least, and why is that the case? And finally, how might these issues impact the various concerns facing law enforcement today? Police behavior is different across all communities. In fact, how police react to combat crime is affected by the

Comparison Between Russia And Germany - 905 Words

The culture of a country has played a role in if, when, and why people were getting married throughout history, but is it still as influential in today’s world? A comparison of Russia and Germany shows that this may not always be the case. Russia is heavily promoting â€Å"traditional family values†, pushing back against cultural change of marriage (Petrova, 2015b). Germany, on the other hand, is embracing and supporting the cultural change. The two countries, while similar in their marital practices in the past, are vastly different in what they deem socially acceptable today. Most notably, Russia and Germany differ in their societal views and expectations of marriage, age of marriage, and a couples pre and post marital living arrangements. Although these are differences today, perceptions are subject to change and these practices may be altered in the future; just look at America. In Russia the societal views and expectations of marriage are still closely tied to religion, unlike Germany. Most Russian’s have a more traditional way of thinking when it comes to marriage and family. Many still firmly believe that marriage should come first, living together second, and having children last. Despite the high divorce rate, marriage still holds value to Russians and they feel this is the order and way God intended it to be (Petrova, 2015b). Whereas German’s have a more nontraditional and modern take on marriage. The majority of German’s feel there are few reasons to officially getShow MoreRelatedWorld War I. Student’S Name. University Affiliation. .1496 Words   |  6 Pageswere obliged to defend them. The alliances involved Japan and Britain, France and Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary, Britain and France and Belgium, and Russia and Serbia. The war was sparked when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, drawing Russia into the war by its alliance to Serbia. With Russia marshaling, Germany declared war on it and as a result, France was drawn into the war to defend its ally, Russia. In its defense, German attacked France and as a result, Britain was pulled into theRead MoreThe Cold War1676 Words   |  7 Pagessuperpowers without the result of a hot war. The war was between the Capitalist West - namely: the United States of America, Britain and France – and Communist East – known to be Russia and all the satellite states which communism had taken over. An agreement made at the Yalta meeting of 1945 was that Germany would be divided into four sectors. One sector went to Britain, one to France, one to the USA and the last and biggest sector to Russia. The Russian sector surrounded the Capital city. In additionRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Fall Of Berlin976 Words   |  4 PagesMovies created in Soviet Russia were prominently used as a tool for propaganda, â€Å"The Fall of Berlin,† used contra st to idealize Soviet Russia by downplaying Germany and Hitler. â€Å"The Fall of Berlin† was released in 1950, right after World War II ended. The film is Soviet propaganda that was thought to insure faith within the Russian population, as Stalin wanted Soviet Russia to believe in him. The movie characterized Stalin with such gratitude and admiration, even I believed he was a good leader.Read MoreHersheys Entry Into Turkey1060 Words   |  5 Pagescountry poised between Asia and Europe. This country of 71 million people is crucial to economic developments as it lies between producers and consumers, supply and demand. While seen as a bridge between the East and West, this majority Muslim country is also torn between both worlds. Its secular government has a long history of struggles between those who feel their country’s identity lies in the Middle East, those who desire full accession to the European Union (EU), and all those in between. The TurkishRead MoreA Brief Look at the Origins of Stalin and Lenin754 Words   |  3 PagesOn September 1, 1939, World War II had begum between Germany and Poland. Adolf Hitler planned to strip Jews, gypsies, and homosexuals of their freedom. Hitler sent these people to labor camps also known as concentration camp. While Hitler was focused on his plans, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin became Russians revolutionary leaders. Lenin wanted to help his country back to being powerful after the death of Tsar Nicholas II. Lenin was the founder and leader of the Bolshevik party. Stalin was alsoRead MoreTrade Distribution amoung Nations939 Words   |  4 Pagesthe imports sees six European countries sharing almost 50% of the total value for both imports and exports. Those â€Å"top 6† were: Germany (15,26%), the Netherlands (13,67%), Poland (10,95%), Italy (9,31), the United Kingdom (5,83%) and France (5,60%). Interestingly, among the â€Å"top 6† is possible to find the â€Å"top 4† of the op posite trade leg. The combined share of Germany (30,95%), Italy (8,14%), France (7,44%) and the Netherlands (6,72%) accounted in 53,25% of the total value of exports. AlthoughRead MoreThe Events During The World War I1662 Words   |  7 Pagesit is thought that competition among the major European powers was an ingredient in fuelling the war. This was so especially between Britain and Germany, who were competing to have the most powerful navy in the world. All parties were building up large armies and navies, and from this there emerged a professional and powerful class of military officers. At one point, Germany had a well trained, large army that could match the entire army of Great Britain. This led to emergence of tension in EuropeRead MoreThe European Theatre of World War I804 Words   |  3 Pagesallied forces fought the Axis powers on two fronts which took place on the Eastern and Western front. In Europe 1939, Germany and Russia formed a pact to invade Poland and divide it between them. Shortly after on September 1, 1939 Germany invaded whilst Russia followed and that’s how World War II broke out. France, Britain and the countries of the Commonwealth declared war on Germany but provided little military support to Poland other than a small French attack into the Saarland. On September 17,Read MoreThe Causes Of World War I1171 Words   |  5 Pagesallowed Kaiser Wilhelm II to send the German East Asia Squadron to quell the uprising. This action forced the Great Powers, such as Great Britain and Russia, to also send troops to stop the rebellion. Due to the rising power of the German navy and military, it became evident that a European arms race had laid the foundation for conflict between Germany and England: â€Å"An official visit to the German shipyards at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven convinced the Admiralty that Kaiser’s naval preparations were aimedRead MoreThe Fairness of the Treaty of Versailles Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesoutside Paris, by Germany and the Allies. The treaty was a compromise between the countries, trying to satisfy each demand - but was it overall fair to Germany? Germany was affected considerably by the terms of the Treaty, both in material and image. Firstly, she was forced to accept full responsibility for the war; establishing a foreground for a huge reparations bill. As it was decided that the entire war had been the fault of Germany and Germany alone, much to the

HIV and ADIS Essay Example For Students

HIV and ADIS Essay The AIDS and HIV virus is a very dangerous disease that sees no race, no color, no gender, no economic background and not even a specific age group. It can affect anyone, at any time if they put themselves in a situation where they could be at risk. AIDS stands for what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The virus causes the bodys immune system to break down and become useless in fighting illness and bacteria. Even a common cold could lead to the death of a person affected with the AIDS virus. Contrary to popular belief, a person does not just become affected with the AIDS virus right away. AIDS is actually caused by a pre virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency syndrome. The antibodies, substance in your body that fights infection, in a person become infected once HIV is transferred into a human. Blood tests are often used to detect this virus. A person that is affected with the HIV virus may look perfectly healthy and show no signs what so ever of this illness. It is very easy for a person affected with this virus to spread it to others through certain types of contact. Because HIV weakens your immune system, it is very easy for a person to become ill. They suffer many health problems. Some of these problems can include extreme weight loss, severe pneumonia, forms of cancer, and damage to the nervous system. These illnesses signal the onset of AIDS (AIDS prevention guide). If a person is receiving medical care, it is likely that a person will be able to prolong his or her life even after being affected with the HIV virus. In some cases, affected people have stayed healthy and showed no signs of the virus for ten or more years. There are two main ways that the HIV virus is spread from person to person. The first way that will be discussed is by sexual intercourse, whether vaginally, anally or orally, with an affected partner. It is usually spread through unprotected sexual intercourse. Even if you are using a condom, it can still be spread if the condom just so happens to break. The HIV virus is present in a persons blood, semen and vaginal fluids. It can be entered into another persons body through small cuts or sores that a person may not even know is there if they come in contact with an affected persons blood, semen or vaginal fluids. It can alos be transferred through tissue that is found on the vagina, penis, rectum and even in the mouth. As was stated before, some people do not have any visible symptoms of the HIV virus, so it is hard to tell an affected person from a non affected person. The more sexual partners one has, the greater your risk becomes of being with a person who is affected with the virus. The second main way to become infected with this virus is through the sharing or needles or syringes. Usually, a drug abuser uses the needles to inject themselves with the drug and then passes the needle onto another person to inject him or herself with a drug. Sometimes the blood from an affected person will stay on the needle, and when another person uses it, they will become directly affected with the virus. Another way, somewhat less common, is through the use of needles used to do piercings and tattoos. The best way to prevent the transfer of the virus in this case is to make sure the person is very qualified and uses sterile equipment. Ask questions if you feel you need to. Yet another method of transfer is from a mother to her baby. An affected woman who is pregnant can pass the virus on to the child during her pregnancy or even during the birth of the child, or even through breast-feeding. Statistics show that an affected woman has a one in four chance that her child will be born with the virus as well. .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 , .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .postImageUrl , .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 , .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:hover , .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:visited , .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:active { border:0!important; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:active , .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22 .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub36c25cf0cc0937c482c17fbde13bb22:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: arch Essay Affected woman should not become pregnant and risk putting her child in danger as well. A little less common way to transfer the HIV virus is through blood transfusions. In the past, .